在行政上诉法庭(AAT)最近审理的一个案件中，工作收入的时间点在决定个人纳税义务方面起到了重要作用，特别是在改变税务居民身份的情况下。

受审人是一位在科威特工作的非税务居民，本应得到一笔奖金作为其雇佣的一部分报酬。然而，当受审人在国外工作时，其雇主无法支付这笔奖金。随着纳税人后来搬到澳大利亚并成为此处的税务居民，奖金最终以分期付款的方式支付。这一情况导致了受审人与澳大利亚税务局（ATO）之间的争议，因为税务专员对其收到的奖金提出了征税的修正评估。

争议的主要焦点是这笔奖金在税收目的上应在何时被视为“获取”。如果奖金是在受审人仍然是非居民的情况下获得的，那它就不需要在澳大利亚纳税。通常情况下，非税务居民在澳大利亚只对来自澳大利亚的收入征税，而工作收入的征税通常取决于工作所在地，但也有一些例外情况。

此决定的结果对受审人的税务责任有着重大影响，它依赖于一个基本的税收原则——税务居民身份。

税务居民身份的重要性

在国际税收领域，一个人的税务居民身份可以很大程度影响他们的税务义务，不仅包括在税务居民国获得的收入，还包括全球收入。在澳大利亚，税务居民身份的确定是由一套复杂的规则决定的，包括主要的“居住”测试， “183天”测试以及各种次要测试。ATO提供了指导和准则以帮助纳税人了解这些居住测试以及它们在不同情境下的应用方式。准确确定税务居民身份对于从事跨境活动的个人和企业至关重要，因为它可以影响澳大利亚和其他国家之间税收权的分配。

在本文讨论的案例中，受审人从非税务居民转变为澳大利亚的税务居民。这种税务居民身份的转变是一个关键时刻，因为它改变了有权对他的全球收入征税的司法管辖区。

在包括澳大利亚在内的大多数国家，纳税居民通常要对其全球收入征税。而非居民通常只对来自该国境内的收入征税。这一概念被称为“来源规则”，是国际税收的一项基本原则。

工作收入时间点的重要性

与许多其他国家的税法一样，澳大利亚税法认为，当纳税人收到工作收入时，工作收入即被视为为“获得”。简单地说，收入通常在实际收到时才会被确认为税收目的，而不是在赚取或有权获得时。这一原则已经被澳大利亚税收案例法所强调。

在本案中，受审人是在成为澳大利亚税务居民后才收到了他的前雇主支付的奖金。这个看似微小的细节引发了重大的税务结果。由于这笔奖金是在他是澳大利亚税务居民期间收到的，因此它属于澳大利亚税收的范围。

时间点对税务责任的影响

这个案例的结果提醒我们，收入确认的时间点如何对个人或企业的纳税义务产生重大影响，特别是在改变税务居民身份的情况下。如果纳税人在科威特原定的时间收到了他的奖金，那么他将完全免除澳大利亚的税收，而科威特也不会对其居民征收所得税。

本案例强调了从事国际活动的个人和企业需要仔细考虑在不同司法管辖区内收入认定的时间，以及了解税收居住所在地的规则及其影响的重要性，包括各种类型收入(如工作收入、股息和资本收益)税收的具体规则。

综上所述，在国际税收中，时间点、税务居民身份和来源规则之间的相互作用是一个复杂的难题。AAT审理的案件有力地说明了看似微不足道的细节如何可能导致重大的税收后果。报告强调，在应对复杂的国际税收环境时，应寻求专业建议和进行全面税务规划，以优化税务结果并遵循各个司法管辖区的税收法规。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 robert@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖，2019年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师奖，2020年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳咨询师奖及澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2022年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳新人入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin  Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州和维州律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO， QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

In a recent case heard by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT), the timing of employment income plays a significant role in determining an individual’s tax obligations, especially in the context of changing tax residency.

The individual in question was a non-resident taxpayer working in Kuwait and was entitled to a ‘milestone bonus’ as part of their employment. However, the employer was unable to pay this bonus while the taxpayer was working abroad. As the taxpayer later relocated to Australia and became a tax resident here, the bonus was eventually paid in instalments. This situation led to a dispute between the taxpayer and the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) when the Commissioner issued amended assessments to tax the bonus payments received.

The main focus of the dispute was the critical question of when the bonus should be deemed as “derived” for taxation purposes. If the bonus had been derived while the taxpayer was still a non-resident, it would not have been subject to taxation in Australia. Typically, non-residents are only taxed in Australia on income sourced within the country, and employment income is generally sourced where the work is performed, with some exceptions.

The outcome of this determination had significant impacts on the taxpayer’s tax liability. It relies on a fundamental tax principle – tax residency.

The Significance of Tax Residency

In the realm of international taxation, a person’s tax residency status can significantly affect their tax obligations, encompassing not only income earned within the country but also worldwide income. In Australia, tax residency is determined by a complex set of rules, including the primary “resides” test, the “183-day” test, and various secondary tests. The ATO provides guidance and guidelines to assist taxpayers in understanding these residency tests and how they apply in different scenarios. Accurate determination of tax residency is essential for individuals and businesses engaged in cross-border activities, as it can influence the allocation of taxing rights between Australia and other countries.

In the case discussed, the taxpayer transitioned from being a non-resident to becoming a tax resident in Australia. This shift in tax residency was a critical moment, as it changed the jurisdiction that had the right to tax his global income.

In most countries, including Australia, tax residents are generally subject to taxation on their worldwide income. Non-residents, on the other hand, are typically only taxed on income that is sourced within the country’s borders. This concept is known as the “source rule” and is a fundamental principle of international taxation.

Timing Matters: Employment Income and the Source Rule

Australian tax law, like that of many other countries, considers employment income to be “derived” when it is received by the taxpayer. In simpler terms, income is typically recognized for tax purposes when it is physically received, not when it is earned or entitled. This principle has been reinforced by Australian tax case law.

In the case under consideration, the taxpayer received the bonus payments from his former employer after becoming a tax resident of Australia. This seemingly minor detail triggered a significant tax consequence. Since the bonus was received while he was a tax resident in Australia, it fell under the purview of Australian taxation.

The Impact of Timing on Tax Liabilities

The outcome of this case serves as a reminder of how the timing of income recognition can significantly impact an individual’s or business’s tax liabilities, especially in the context of changing tax residency. Had the taxpayer received his bonus when it was originally due in Kuwait, he would have been entirely exempted from Australian taxation. Kuwait does not impose income tax on its residents.

This case underscores the need for individuals and businesses engaged in international activities to carefully consider the timing of income recognition in different jurisdictions. It emphasises the importance of understanding tax residency rules and their implications, as well as the specific rules governing the taxation of various types of income, such as employment income, dividends, and capital gains.

In conclusion, the interplay between timing, tax residency, and the source rule in international taxation is a complex puzzle. The case before the AAT serves as a compelling illustration of how seemingly minor details can lead to significant tax consequences. It highlights the necessity of seeking professional advice and conducting thorough tax planning when navigating the complex landscape of international taxation to optimise tax outcomes and remain compliant with the tax laws of multiple jurisdictions.

Should you please have any question in regards to above, please feel free to contact our friendly team in Pitt Martin Tax at 0292213345 or info@pittmartingroup.com.au.

The material and contents provided in this publication are informative in nature only.  It is not intended to be advice and you should not act specifically on the basis of this information alone.  If expert assistance is required, professional advice should be obtained.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

很多澳大利亚人注意到他们在2023财政年度的预计税金退款明显变少了，引发了对这一变化背后原因的疑问。为什么我的退税金额这么少？本文将告诉您为什么。

取消税收抵免的影响

低中等收入税收抵免（LMITO）政策的结束是导致许多澳大利亚人税金退款变少的一个关键因素。这个抵免是作为对COVID-19疫情引发的经济挑战的应对措施而引入的。多年来，它为个人提供了实质性降税效果。从2018-19年到2020-21年，低中等收入税收抵免为收入不超过$126,000的个人提供了高达$1,080的税收减免，而在2021-22年，这一数额甚至更高，达到了$1,500。对于那些已经依赖它的人来说，取消这一政策无疑会导致他们的退税金额显著变少。

澳大利亚的税收体系

我们必须首先了解澳大利亚的税收体系以完整理解这些变化。澳大利亚极度依赖个人和公司所得税的收入来资助政府的财政。

事实上，个人所得税，包括资本利得税，在澳大利亚的总收入中占据了相当大的比例，达到了国家总收入的40%，远高于经济合作与发展组织（OECD）平均水平的24%。

尽管这可能会让澳大利亚看起来是OECD中个人所得税最高的国家之一，但重要的是要考虑到它的另一面。澳大利亚还拥有健全的福利制度，这有助于减轻许多个人的税收负担。考虑到这些福利后，澳大利亚和其他国家之间的差异就变得不那么明显了。澳大利亚平均单身工作者的实际到手收入占其总工资的77%，接近OECD平均水平的75.4%。对于家庭来说，澳大利亚的平均实际到手收入为84.1%，几乎与OECD平均水平的85.9%持平。

渐进式税制和未来的道路

澳大利亚的税收制度以渐进式税制而闻名，这意味着你赚得越多，你的税收负担就越大。澳大利亚收入最高的11.6%的人承担了55.3%的个人所得税税收收入。为了解决这一制度带来的一些挑战，政府颁布了一系列法定的所得税减免政策，最后一轮将于2024年7月1日开始。目标是减少国家对个人所得税的依赖，转向其他形式的税收。

考虑发展副业以平衡财务状况

出于各种不同的原因，许多澳大利亚人都在寻找额外的收入来源。但是在考虑副业或其他兼职工作时，必须仔细考虑您的整体财务状况，诸如您预期的收入、产生该收入所涉及的费用以及税收影响等因素。

对于那些进入零工经济的人来说，这个角色往往意味着您成为了一名独立个体户，那么管理税务便成了你的责任。例如Uber司机必须要拥有澳大利亚商业编号（ABN）并注册商品和服务税（GST）。这就造成了合规成本，因为您必须每季度向税务局缴纳一部分费用，同时还要确保您有必要的资金来支付商品及服务税和所得税。好的方面是，您可以申请与您副业工作相关的费用用以抵销一部分收入来降低税务。

在这种情况下，考虑到PAYG预扣税的制度，最重要的是确保免税门槛用于您收入最高的工作，以优化您的税务状况。

总结来说，您的退税金额多与少、是否决定从事第二份工作、以及在澳大利亚税收制度下的整体财务状况，都取决于多种因素。澳大利亚的渐进式所得税制度增加了税务的复杂性，因此对于个人来说，评估自己独特的税务情况和税务义务变得至关重要。我们可以通过对澳大利亚不断变化的税收环境的动态的把握，协助您做出与您目标一致的财务决策和税务策划。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 robert@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖，2019年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师奖，2020年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳咨询师奖及澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2022年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳新人入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin  Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州和维州律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO， QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

Many Australians have noticed a significant reduction in their expected tax refunds for financial year 2023, prompting questions about what’s behind this change. This article will tell you why.

The Impact of the Missing Tax Offset

One of the key factors contributing to smaller tax refunds for many Australians is the discontinuation of a time-limited low and middle-income tax offset (LMITO). This offset was introduced as a response to the economic challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the years, it had provided substantial tax relief to individuals, making tax time a bit brighter. However, as it came to an end, its absence cast a shadow over tax returns, resulting in smaller refunds for those who had come to rely on it.

The low and middle-income tax offset delivered up to $1,080 from 2018-19 to 2020-21, and an even more generous $1,500 in 2021-22 for individuals earning up to $126,000. For many, this was a significant boost to their annual finances. Its discontinuation has left a noticeable dent in the pockets of taxpayers who had grown accustomed to these additional funds.

Australia’s Tax System: Complex but Balanced

To comprehend the full scope of these changes, we must first understand Australia’s tax system. Australia leans heavily on personal and corporate income tax to fund its government services. In fact, personal income tax, which includes capital gains tax, constitutes a substantial 40% of the country’s total revenue, a figure significantly higher than the OECD average of 24%.

While this may paint Australia as one of the highest taxing nations in the OECD for personal income tax, it’s crucial to consider the flip side. Australia also boasts a robust system of means-tested benefits that help alleviate the tax burden for many individuals. When factoring in these benefits, the discrepancy between Australia and other countries becomes clearer. The take-home pay of the average single worker is 77% of their gross wage in Australia, compared to the OECD average of 75.4%. For families, the Australian take-home pay average is 84.1%, nearly on par with the OECD average of 85.9%.

Progressive Taxation and the Road Ahead

Australia’s tax system is known for its progressive nature, meaning that the more you earn, the greater your share of the tax burden. The top 11.6% of Australian income earners shoulder a substantial 55.3% of the tax revenue from personal income tax. To address some of the challenges posed by this system, the government has enacted a series of legislated income tax cuts, with the final round set to commence on July 1, 2024. The goal is to reduce the nation’s reliance on personal income tax and shift toward other forms of taxation.

Considering a Second Job: A Financial Balancing Act

Turning our attention to second jobs, it’s clear that many Australians are exploring additional income streams, driven by various motivations. However, it’s crucial to navigate this terrain with a keen understanding of your overall financial position. When contemplating a second job, factors like your expected earnings, the expenses involved in generating that income, and the tax implications must be carefully considered.

For those venturing into the gig economy, where roles often entail independent contractor status, managing tax affairs becomes your responsibility. For instance, Uber drivers are required to hold an Australian Business Number (ABN) and register for GST. This introduces compliance costs, as you must remit a portion of your fees to the Tax Office quarterly, while also ensuring you have the necessary funds to cover GST and income tax obligations. On the bright side, you can claim expenses related to your second job, potentially offsetting some of your tax liabilities.

In this context, it’s essential to ensure that your tax-free threshold applies to your highest-paying job from a PAYG withholding perspective, optimizing your tax situation.

In Conclusion

The size of your tax refund, the decision to take on a second job, and your overall financial standing in the face of Australia’s tax system all depend on a multitude of factors. Australia’s progressive income tax system adds complexity, making it vital for individuals to assess their unique circumstances and obligations. By understanding these dynamics, we can make informed tax planning that align with your goals and aspirations while navigating the ever-changing tax landscape Down Under.

Should you please have any question in regards to above, please feel free to contact our friendly team in Pitt Martin Tax at 0292213345 or info@pittmartingroup.com.au.

The material and contents provided in this publication are informative in nature only.  It is not intended to be advice and you should not act specifically on the basis of this information alone.  If expert assistance is required, professional advice should be obtained.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

将家族企业交接给下一代不仅仅是一种理论上的传承，更是一个极力需要富裕家族的实际努力的过程。这个过程涉及将业务运营、所有权和规划战略传递给下一代，以确保从以业务为中心的家族向以投资为重心的家族的平稳转变。成功的家族企业继承的关键在于提前积极沟通，而不是等待关键事件或退休时才匆忙交接。

家族企业继承涵盖了几个关键方面：业务职责的转移、所有权的转变、战略规划以及从家族经营企业向投资导向精英团体的演变。这不仅仅是一个家族经营企业的问题，更是培养商业可持续性思维的问题。

在澳大利亚，普华永道家族企业的一项调查报告显示，虽然三分之一的家族企业预计在五年内下一代将成为重要的股东，但仅有25%的家族企业拥有全面的、存档的、商议过的传承计划。继承交接的方法可以各不相同，但重点通常围绕着在一段时间内或在特定时刻转让股权，这往往涉及如何支付股权的考虑。或者，这部分股权过渡可能最终会成为遗产的一部分。

然而，这个继承过程并非没有挑战。以下是需要仔细关注的六个重要领域：

1. 下一代的能力和意愿：在继承进行之前，评估下一代家庭成员是否具备成功过渡所需的技能和意愿至关重要。这个过渡可能是由保护家族传承的目标或为下一代提供稳定的业务平台的目标驱动的。这些目标取决于下一代的准备情况和技能。明确传达期望至关重要。

2. 平稳移动资本：同时，需考虑退出一代的资本需求。高额的资本需求对企业和股权利益相关者都会施加压力。通常，年轻一代缺乏足够的资本来买断老一代。这可能需要出售方继续投资或企业增加债务，两者都需要可持续性评估。

3. 结构化的薪酬规划：继承的过渡应加强薪酬的正式性。根据个人需求而不是角色职责来处理所有者薪酬等非正式方法可能会导致薪酬过高或过低。在代际交接中，需要更正式的薪酬框架，将薪酬与角色相匹配，确保公平的报酬和明确的绩效激励。

4. 管理权力过渡：传递运营控制权和决策权通常是一个微妙的问题。提前设定关于控制权过渡的期望和协议非常重要。不明确的管理结构可能会产生混淆或决策空白。在即将到来的一代希望在决策中拥有自主权，而退出的一代则希望基于经验保留影响力时，可能会出现分歧。提前澄清控制权的过渡可以减少决策管理时的紧张情绪。

5. 设定过渡期望和时间表：继承交接是一个过程，需要管理好期望，以避免因沮丧而使过程偏离轨道。延长的过渡阶段可能是有益的，特别是如果老一代打算逐渐减少他们的参与。这种分阶段的方法有助于管理变革，也有助于促进收入和资本提取。

6. 正式的管理结构：在继承交接中，保持董事会、股东和管理层之间的角色明确区分变得更加重要。这些结构的正式性很重要，需要明确定义角色和期望。一些家族使用家庭章程来概述规则，而其他家族则寻求外部咨询团队，以确保独立的专业知识为决策做出贡献。

总之，家族企业继承交接的成功在于精心的规划、透明的沟通、谨慎的财务和结构化的管理。这个复杂的过程涉及评估能力、管理财务、处理运营转变以及维持结构化的治理，确保过渡不仅保持业务，还维护家族的团结和价值观。最终的目标不仅仅是传承遗产，还要促进一个有共同目标感的、具有韧性的企业的成长。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 robert@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖，2019年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师奖，2020年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳咨询师奖及澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2022年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳新人入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin  Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州和维州律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO， QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Yvonne Shao @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

Transitioning a family business to the next generation is not just a theoretical legacy; it’s a practical endeavour that goes beyond wealthy clans. This process involves passing on the business operations, ownership, and planning strategies to ensure the smooth transformation from a business-centred family to one focused on investments. The key to successful generational succession lies in proactive communication, well in advance, rather than waiting for pivotal events or retirement triggers to formalize the transition.

Generational succession encompasses several crucial aspects: the transfer of business responsibilities, the shift in ownership, strategic planning, and the evolution from a family-run enterprise to an investment-oriented unit. It’s not merely about being a family running a business; it’s about fostering a mindset of business sustainability.

In Australia, a survey by PwC’s Family Business reports that while one-third of family businesses anticipate the next generation becoming major shareholders within five years, only a mere 25% have established a strong, well-documented, and openly shared succession plan. The methods to execute the transfer can vary widely, but the focus generally revolves around transferring equity either over a period or at a specific juncture, often involving some type of payment considerations. Alternatively, part of this equity transition might eventually become a part of the estate.

However, this transition process is not without its challenges. Here are six important areas that require careful attention:

1. Next Generation’s Capability and Enthusiasm: Before progressing, it’s vital to gauge whether the upcoming family members possess the skills and willingness required for a successful transition. This transition may be driven by goals like preserving the family legacy or providing a stable business platform for the next cohort. These goals rely on the next generation’s readiness and skills. Effective communication of expectations is imperative.

2. Moving Capital Smoothly: Exit-generation’s capital needs must be considered. High capital needs pressure both business and equity stakeholders. Often, younger generations lack sufficient capital to buy out seniors. This may necessitate continued investment by vendors or increased business debt, both needing sustainability assessment.

3. Structured Compensation Planning: Transition should elevate remuneration’s formality. Informal approach like handling owner remuneration based on personal needs rather than role responsibilities can lead to overcompensation or underpayment. Under generational succession, there’s a need for a more formal compensation framework that aligns pay with roles, ensuring equitable compensation and clarity in performance incentives.

4. Managing Authority Transition: Passing on operational control and decision-making authority is often a delicate matter. Setting expectations and agreements ahead of time about the transition of control is crucial. Unclear management structures can create confusion or a void in decision-making. Disagreements can arise when the incoming generation desires autonomy in decision-making, while the outgoing generation seeks to retain influence based on experience. Clarifying the transition of control in advance can minimise tension.

5. Setting Transition Expectations and Timeline: Generational succession is a process, requiring managed expectations to avoid derailment due to frustration. An extended transition phase can be beneficial, particularly if the older generation intends to scale down their involvement gradually. This phased approach aids not only in managing change but also in facilitating income and capital withdrawals.

6. Formalizing Management Structure: Maintaining clear distinctions between the roles of the board, shareholders, and management becomes even more crucial during generational succession. The formality of these structures is important, with clearly defined roles and expectations. Some families use a family constitution to outline rules, while others seek external advisory groups to ensure independent expertise contributes to decisions.

In conclusion, the success of generational succession lies in careful planning, transparent communication, financial prudence, and structured management. This complex process, involving evaluating capabilities, managing finances, handling operational shifts, and maintaining structured governance, ensures that the transition not only sustains the business but also upholds the family’s unity and values. The ultimate objective is not just passing on a legacy but facilitating the growth of a resilient business with a shared sense of purpose. We are here to assist you in skilfully navigating the process of effectively handling generational shifts. Feel free to discuss with us how we can support you in creating a well-structured pathway for a successful transition.

Should you please have any question in regards to above, please feel free to contact our friendly team in Pitt Martin Tax at 0292213345 or info@pittmartingroup.com.au.

The material and contents provided in this publication are informative in nature only.  It is not intended to be advice and you should not act specifically on the basis of this information alone.  If expert assistance is required, professional advice should be obtained.

By Yvonne Shao @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

你拥有一块非常适合进行分割的土地，并与市政当局、建筑商和银行已经商定了所有细节。但是，一个重要的方面被忽视了；税务影响。

许多小规模开发商常常认为他们的税务风险很小，但事实并非总是如此 – 分割项目的税务处理可能会显著影响合规、现金流和项目的财务可行性。

澳大利亚税务局最新出台的指导文件详细说明了小规模分割项目的税务影响。我们将关注其中一些重要问题：

土地分割的税务处理

当分割土地时，即使是小规模的分割，税务处理也可能迅速变得复杂。税务要根据具体情况而定。你不能仅仅因为是一个小开发项目就认为最终销售所得的利润会自动被视为资本收益并有资格获得资本增值税减免。

一般来说，如果你个人拥有一处长期以来私人使用的房产，你将其分割并出售新创建的地块，那么可能需要对所获得的任何收益缴纳资本增值税。该收益是从你首次获得土地的时间点开始计算的，尽管你需要将房产的初始成本分摊到分割后的地块上。如果你正在分割一个包含你住宅的土地，即使这块土地一直以来仅被用于与你的住宅相关的私人用途，通常主要住宅豁免也不适用。

如果一处房产最初是联合拥有的，但随后被分割并在业主之间进行了分配，即使尚未将土地出售给无关联方，通常也会立即触发税务后果。这种情况被称为”分隔（Partition）”，从税务角度处理起来可能较为复杂。

房地产开发

那么如果你决定开发这块土地呢？将土地分割、建造房屋或复式住宅，然后出售新建筑，这在很多情况下都是很常见的。

当有人开发房地产的目的是在短期内以盈利为目的，出售成品房时，存在这样一种风险，即盈利可能将会被视为普通收入，而不是按照资本增值税规则处理，从而此人会受限制获得资本增值税减免（如50%的资本增值税减免），并且有可能会诱发商品与服务税责任。即使是一次性的房地产开发，这种情况也可能会面临同样问题。

案例示范

我们以康拉德的案例来说明。他于2001年7月以30万澳元的价格购得了他的住房。到了2020年7月，他考虑将他的地产分割成俩块，一块自己继续自住，一块用来建造一栋新房，并出售。估值报告显示，原房屋和其土地如今价值36万澳元（60%），而分割出来的地块价值24万澳元（40%）。康拉德获得了40万澳元的贷款用于开发，并于2021年7月以121万澳元（包括商品与服务税GST）的价格出售了这块地产。

• 康拉德的总经济收益为58万澳元。
• 这种收益来自销售所得（110万澳元，不包括GST）减去开发费用（40万澳元）和新分割地块的初始成本（12万澳元, 即原始价格30万澳元的40%）。
• 从获得土地开始到开始盈利活动（2020年7月1日）期间，新分割地块价值的增加应被视为资本收益。
• 新分割地块的价值为24万澳元，初始价格是12万澳元，所以资本收益为12万澳元。
• 根据50%的资本增值税减免，折扣后的资本收益为6万澳元。
• 从开始盈利活动到销售时新分割地块和房屋价值的增加应视为普通收入。
• 净利润（46万澳元）基于销售所得（110万澳元）、开发费用（40万澳元）和地块价值（24万澳元）计算。

除非康拉德正在经营一份生意，否则他不能在开发费用发生时扣除它们；然而这些费用可以用来抵消销售时的利润。如果康拉德决定在开发完成后不出售房产，这将使所涉及的所得税和商品与服务税处理更加复杂化。

是否需要注册商品与服务税（GST）？

如果你是一个拥有私人土地的分割者，该土地已被用于私人用途，那么你可能不需要注册商品与服务税，尽管这取决于具体情况。然而，如果你从事房地产开发业务，或进行商业化的一次性项目，那么你很有可能需要注册商品与服务税。

对于康拉德的情况，因为开发后的土地预计销售价格超过了75,000澳元的商品与服务税门槛，他很可能需要注册商品与服务税。这意味着：

• 对于出售价格的“默认”商品与服务税应缴额为11万澳元（除非适用商品与服务税差额方案以减少商品与服务税应缴额）。
• 需要通知购买者在结算时扣除并支付给澳大利亚税务局的金额。
• 有资格根据常规商品与服务税规则，申请开发费用4万澳元的商品与服务税抵免。
• 必须通过填写营业活动报告来报告这些交易。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 robert@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖，2019年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师奖，2020年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳咨询师奖及澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2022年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳新人入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin  Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州和维州律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO， QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Robert Liu @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

You possess a piece of land that is ideal for a subdivision. All the necessary arrangements have been sorted out with the Council, builders, and the bank. However, a crucial aspect has been overlooked: the tax implications.

Many small-scale developers often assume that they will face minimal tax risk. Nevertheless, this assumption isn’t always accurate, as the tax treatment of a subdivision project can significantly influence cashflow and the project’s financial feasibility.

Recent guidance from the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) delves into the tax consequences of small-scale subdivision projects. Let’s explore some key points:

Tax Treatment of Subdivision: When subdividing land, the tax treatment, even for a small subdivision, can rapidly become intricate. Taxation depends on the specific circumstances. One should not presume that just because the development is small, any eventual sale profit will automatically be considered as a capital gain, qualifying for Capital Gains Tax (CGT) concessions.

Generally speaking, if you personally own a property that has been used for private purposes over an extended period and you divide and sell the newly created lots, capital gains tax may apply to any profit obtained. The gain is calculated from the moment you acquired the land, though you’ll need to divide the property’s initial cost among the subdivided lots. If you’re subdividing a property that includes your primary residence, the main residence exemption typically won’t apply if you sell a subdivided block separately from the main block, even if the land was solely used for residential purposes related to your home.

If a property is initially co-owned but then subdivided, distributing the lots among the owners, this usually triggers immediate tax consequences, even before selling to an unrelated party. Such arrangements, known as ‘Partitioning’, can be challenging to manage from a tax standpoint.

Property Development: What if you decide to develop the land? It’s quite common for individuals to subdivide and develop their property by constructing a house or duplex, followed by selling the new structure.

When someone develops a property with the intention of selling the finished product for a short-term profit, there’s a possibility that it will be treated as income rather than falling under capital gains tax rules. This may limit access to CGT concessions, such as the 50% CGT discount, and often result in GST obligations. This applies even to isolated property developments.

Illustrative Case: Let’s consider an example involving Conrad. He acquired his home in July 2001 for $300,000. By July 2020, he explored subdividing his property, constructing a new house, and selling it. A valuation revealed that the original house and land were now worth $360,000 (60%), while the subdivided lot was valued at $240,000 (40%). Conrad obtained a $400,000 loan for the development and sold the property for $1,210,000 (GST inclusive) in July 2021.

For Conrad’s situation:

• Conrad’s total economic gain was $580,000.
• This gain stemmed from sale proceeds ($1,100,000, excluding GST) minus development expenses ($400,000) and the initial cost of the subdivided lot ($120,000 which is 40% of the acquisition cost $300,000).
• The increase in value of the subdivided lot from acquisition (July 2001) to the start of profit-making activities (July 2020) qualifies as a capital gain.
• The capital gain for the subdivided lot ($240,000 in July 2020 minus $120,000 initial cost proportion of acquisition) is $120,000.
• With the 50% CGT discount (as Conrad held the subdivided lot for more than 12 months), the discounted capital gain is $60,000.
• The increase in value of the subdivided lot from the start of profit-making activities to the sale is treated as ordinary income.
• The net profit ($460,000) considers sale proceeds ($1,100,000) minus development expenses ($400,000), and the lot’s value ($240,000).

Unless Conrad is engaged in a business, he can’t deduct development expenses as they’re incurred; instead, they impact the net profit upon sale. If Conrad opted not to sell after development, it would complicate income tax and GST treatment.

GST Considerations: For individuals subdividing land held for private use, GST registration might not be necessary, depending on circumstances. However, engaging in a property development business or a business-like one-off project could require GST registration.

In Conrad’s case, since the projected sale price exceeded the $75,000 GST threshold, he likely needs to register for GST. This entails:

• A ‘default’ GST liability of $110,000 on the sale price (unless the GST margin scheme applies).
• Notifying the purchaser of the amount to withhold and remit to the ATO.
• Eligibility to claim $40,000 credits for GST within development expenses, adhering to regular GST rules.
• Reporting these transactions through business activity statements.

Should you please have any question in regards to above, please feel free to contact our friendly team in Pitt Martin Tax at 0292213345 or info@pittmartingroup.com.au.

The material and contents provided in this publication are informative in nature only.  It is not intended to be advice and you should not act specifically on the basis of this information alone.  If expert assistance is required, professional advice should be obtained.

By Robert Liu @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

120%科技与技能支出抵扣是澳大利亚2022-23联邦财政预算中为中小型企业（SME）引入的税收激励措施。该提升允许符合条件的中小企业对与科技技术、技能和员工培训相关的某些费用支出进行120%的税收抵扣。

在上一篇文章中，我们讨论了2万澳元的科技投资抵扣的资格要求和详细情况。本文将重点介绍技能提升和员工培训的费用抵扣，总结为以下要点：

技能和培训抵扣可用于中小企业为员工提供的外部培训课程，企业将享受120%的税收抵扣的优惠政策。该政策的目标是帮助中小企业通过提升员工技能和提高生产力来扩大其劳动力规模。

谁有资格获得技能和培训抵扣？

只有对企业的员工的培训才有资格获得抵扣。个体经营者、合伙企业的合伙人、独立承包商和非员工不符合资格。此外，配偶、合伙人或受托人等关联人员也不符合资格。

技能和培训抵扣的规则：

• 培训课程的注册必须在2022年3月29日晚7:30（澳大利亚东部标准时间）至2024年6月30日之间完成。
• 培训费用必须本身依照税法具有抵扣资格，也就是说，培训与企业收入的获取必须相关。
• 培训必须由注册培训机构提供，该机构必须向企业收费（直接或间接）。
• 培训必须面向企业员工，并在澳大利亚境内以面对面或在线方式提供。
• 培训机构不能是企业本身或企业的关联人员。

培训费用包括哪些支出？

培训费用包括培训本身产生的费用，以及与培训课程有关的书籍或设备等附带费用。然而，这些附带费用只有在培训机构向企业收取这些费用时才符合抵扣条件。

如何计算额外的抵扣？

额外的抵扣计算为企业通常可以扣除的支出的20%。例如，如果企业在合规的培训上花费了10,000澳元，额外的抵扣将为10,000澳元的20%，即2,000澳元。这个额外的抵扣不会以现金形式退回，而是用于减少企业的应税收入。

哪些机构可以提供符合抵扣的培训？

并非所有由公司提供的培训课程都符合抵扣的资格。只有由注册培训机构提供的课程才符合资格。通常，这些是通向某种行业资格或学历的职业培训课程，而不是职业发展课程。

符合资格的培训机构将会由以下组织注册：

• 高等教育质量与标准局（TEQSA）

• 澳大利亚技能质量管理局（ASQA）

• 维多利亚州注册与资格局

• 西澳大利亚培训认证委员会

值得注意的是，虽然并非所有课程都由注册培训机构提供，但仍有很多课程符合资格，例如大学提供的短期课程或为提升技能而设计的灵活课程，但不包括学位课程。

如果您的企业符合资格并进行了符合条件的支出，请务必记录及保留相关文件、并确保遵守规定，以最大程度地进行抵扣。您也可以咨询税务专业人士或会计师以寻求专业的意见及计划。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 robert@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖，2019年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师奖，2020年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳咨询师奖及澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2022年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳新人入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin  Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州和维州律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO， QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.

The 120% technology and skills ‘boost’ deduction is a tax incentive introduced in the 2022-23 Federal Budget for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Australia. The boost allows eligible SMEs to claim a 120% tax deduction for certain types of expenses related to technology, skills, and training for their staff.

In the last article, we discussed the eligibility requirement and details of the $20k technology investment boost. This article will be focused on the Skills and Training Boost, which breaks down into the following key points:

The Skills and Training Boost

The Skills and Training Boost provides a 120% tax deduction for external training courses offered to employees. The goal of this boost is to help SMEs grow their workforce by upskilling employees and improving their efficiency.

Who qualifies for the Skills and Training Boost?

Only employees of the business are eligible for the boost. Sole traders, partners in a partnership, independent contractors, and non-employees do not qualify. Additionally, associates, for example, spouses or partners, or trustees of a trust, are also not eligible.

Rules for the Skills and Training Boost:

• Registration for the training course must have occurred from 7:30 pm (AEST) on 29 March 2022 until 30 June 2024.
• The training must be deductible to the business under ordinary rules, meaning it must be related to how the business earns its income.
• The training must be delivered by a registered training provider, and the provider must charge the business (either directly or indirectly) for the training.
• The training must be for employees of the business and must be delivered in-person in Australia or online.
• The training provider cannot be the business itself or an associate of the business.

What can be included in the Training Expenditure?

Training expenditure includes the costs of the training itself, as well as incidental costs such as books or equipment necessary for the training course. However, these incidental costs are eligible for deduction only if the training provider charges the business for these expenses.

How is the bonus deduction calculated?

The bonus deduction is calculated as 20% of the amount of expenditure the business could typically deduct. For example, if a business spends $10,000 on eligible training, the bonus deduction would be 20% of $10,000, which equals $2,000. This bonus deduction is not received in cash but is used to reduce the business’s taxable income.

What organizations can provide training for the boost?

Not all training courses provided by companies will qualify for the boost. Only courses charged by registered training providers within their registration will be eligible. Typically, these are vocational training courses that lead to a trade or contribute to a qualification, rather than professional development courses.

Qualifying training providers are registered by organizations such as:

• Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA)
• Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA)
• Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority
• Training Accreditation Council of Western Australia

It’s worth noting that while not all courses may be delivered by registered training organizations, there are still plenty of eligible options available, particularly short courses offered by universities or flexible courses designed for upskilling rather than degree qualifications.

Conclusion

If your business is eligible and has made eligible expenses, it’s essential to keep track of the documentation and ensure compliance with the rules to maximise the deductions. Consulting with a tax professional or accountant can also be beneficial in navigating the complexities of these deductions.

Should you please have any question in regards to above, please feel free to contact our friendly team in Pitt Martin Tax at 0292213345 or info@pittmartingroup.com.au.

The material and contents provided in this publication are informative in nature only.  It is not intended to be advice and you should not act specifically on the basis of this information alone.  If expert assistance is required, professional advice should be obtained.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

Robert Liu CPA RTA MPA

Experienced Tax Accountant and Business Advisor with a demonstrated history of working in the accounting industry. Skilled in Tax, Accounting, Business Advisory and SMSF. Strong entrepreneurship professional with qualification Master of Professional Accounting, CPA Public Practice, Registered Tax Agent, Registered ASIC Agent, NSW Law Society External Examiner, Trust Account Auditor and Diploma of Finanical Planning. Specialised in SME, tax planning and international tax, he helped client save ample money and create wealth.