行政复审法庭（ART）维持了澳大利亚税务局（ATO）对一名纳税人的决定，认定其在相关年度拥有澳大利亚的住所（domicile），因此根据《1936年所得税评估法》第6(1)条（ITAA 1936）的规定，被视为澳大利亚的税务居民。（Quy 与 税务专员案（税务与商业）[2025] ARTA 174（2025年2月28日））

背景情况

该纳税人Quy先生于1978年来到澳大利亚，后来成为澳大利亚公民。从约1986年起，他在澳从事工程师工作。1998年，Quy先生因工作原因移居迪拜，随行的还有他的妻子和三个孩子。大约在2009年，全家搬回了珀斯。2015年，Quy先生再次前往迪拜工作，妻子偶尔与其在迪拜同住，而子女则继续留在澳大利亚。

在2016至2020这五个收入年度中，Quy先生每年在澳停留时间为29至119天不等，而其妻子则在澳大利亚停留的时间更长，每年在183至343天之间。值得注意的是，Quy先生在珀斯保留了一处自住房产，在悉尼还拥有两套投资房产，并继续维持澳大利亚的银行账户、私人医保和车辆注册。

ATO根据上述情况作出纳税评估，认定其为澳大利亚税务居民。Quy先生对此提出异议，主要是为了申请退还其工资收入中预扣的PAYG税款。

关键争议

本案的核心问题是：在相关年度内，Quy先生是否根据通常居住测试（ordinary concepts test）或住所测试（domicile test）构成澳大利亚税务居民。

纳税人主张，在相关年度他并不居住在澳大利亚，且其住所也不在澳大利亚。即使住所仍在澳大利亚，他也已在迪拜建立了永久居所，不应被视为澳大利亚税务居民。

最初，行政上诉法庭（AAT）支持税务局的立场，认为尽管Quy先生人在迪拜，但仍根据“通常居住测试”构成居民。AAT指出，他的妻子持续居住在珀斯、家庭住宅保持不变、他定期返回澳洲，这些都表明他将澳大利亚视为长期家园。

随后，Quy先生上诉至联邦法院。法院认为AAT在适用测试时存在错误，不应关注纳税人是否“永久或无限期地打算留在澳洲”，而应审查其是否“将某地视为自己的家”（home for the time being）。案件随后被发回ART重新审理。

复审结论

ART在复审中认为，Quy先生不符合通常居住测试。根据其长期在迪拜工作的安排、连续多年长期离澳的情况，可判断他在相关期间并未将澳大利亚视为自己的“家”。

然而，ART认为，Quy先生符合住所测试下的居民认定。尽管人不在澳，但他在澳大利亚的持续联系——包括财产所有权、经济利益和家庭关系——表明他没有断绝与澳大利亚的联系，也没有在国外建立一个永久的家。

此案与Harding诉税务专员案中的纳税人情况不同。后者清晰展示了长期在海外定居的明确意图，而Quy 先生的搬迁主要是由于短期至中期的工作派遣所驱动，缺乏足以取代其澳大利亚住所的永久性。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计的贷款等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 info@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖， 2020年澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2021年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师事务所冠军入围奖，2022年最佳会计师事务所新人入围奖和2023香港澳大利亚商业协会最佳积极生意入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州、维州和西澳律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚金融贷款经纪人协会（FBAA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

The Administrative Review Tribunal (ART) has upheld the ATO’s position, confirming that the taxpayer, Mr Quy, maintained a domicile in Australia and was therefore a resident of Australia for tax purposes under section 6(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936). (Quy and Commissioner of Taxation (Taxation and business) [2025] ARTA 174 (28 February 2025))

Background

Mr Quy first arrived in Australia in 1978 and later became an Australian citizen. From around 1986, he worked as an engineer. In 1998, he relocated to Dubai for work, accompanied by his wife and three children. Around 2009, the family returned to Perth. Then, in 2015, Mr Quy moved back to Dubai for employment, while his wife joined him intermittently and their children remained in Australia.

During the income years 2016 to 2020, Mr Quy spent between 29 and 119 days each year in Australia, whereas his wife spent significantly more time in the country—between 183 and 343 days annually. Notably, Mr Quy maintained a residence in Perth and held two investment properties in Sydney. He also kept active bank accounts in Australia, private health insurance, and vehicle registrations.

The ATO issued tax assessments for those years on the basis that Mr Quy was a resident for Australian tax purposes. Mr Quy objected, primarily seeking a refund of PAYG amounts withheld.

Key Issues

The central issue was whether Mr Quy qualified as a resident under either the ordinary concepts test or the domicile test.

Mr Quy argued that he was not a resident under either test. He claimed that he did not reside in Australia and that, if he retained an Australian domicile, then his permanent place of abode had shifted to Dubai.

Initially, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) sided with the Commissioner, concluding that despite his physical presence in Dubai, Mr Quy was still a resident under the ordinary concepts test. The AAT highlighted his strong ongoing ties to Australia—his wife’s residence in Perth, the maintained family home, his regular returns, and his apparent long-term connection to the country.

Mr Quy appealed this decision to the Federal Court. The Court found the AAT had incorrectly applied the test by focusing on whether he intended to reside in Australia “permanently or indefinitely,” rather than whether he treated Australia as his home “for the time being.” The matter was referred back to the ART.

Tribunal Decision on Remittal

Upon review, the ART found that Mr Quy was not a resident under the ordinary concepts test. The Tribunal pointed to objective indicators—such as the nature of his overseas employment and the length and consistency of his absences from Australia—as evidence that he did not regard Australia as his home during the relevant period.

However, under the domicile test, the Tribunal concluded that Mr Quy was still a tax resident. Despite his physical absence, his ongoing ties to Australia—including property ownership, financial interests, and family connections—demonstrated he had not severed his residential ties or established a permanent home abroad.

In contrast to the taxpayer in Harding v Commissioner of Taxation, who had shown a clear and sustained intent to live overseas indefinitely, Mr Quy’s relocations were primarily driven by short- to medium-term work assignments and lacked the permanence required to displace his Australian domicile.

Pitt Martin Group is a CPA accounting firm, providing services including taxation, accounting, business consulting, self-managed superannuation funds, auditing and mortgage & finance. We spend hundreds of hours each year on training and researching new tax laws to ensure our clients can maximize legitimate tax benefit. Our contact information are phone +61292213345 or email info@pittmartingroup.com.au. Pitt Martin Group is located in the convenient transportation hub of Sydney’s central business district. Our honours include the 2018 CPA NSW President’s Award for Excellence, the 2020 Australian Small Business Champion Award Finalist, the 2021 Australia’s well-known media ‘Accountants Daily’ the Accounting Firm of the Year Award Finalist and the 2022 Start-up Firm of the Year Award Finalist, and the 2023 Hong Kong-Australia Business Association Business Award Finalist.

Pitt Martin Group qualifications include over fifteen years of professional experience in accounting industry, membership certification of the Australian Society of Certified Practising Accountants (CPA), Australian Taxation Registered Agents, certified External Examiner of the Law Societies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia Law Trust Accounts, membership certification of the Finance Brokers Association of Australia Limited (FBAA), Registered Agents of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), certified Advisor of accounting software such as XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB, etc.

This content is for reference only and does not constitute advice on any individual or group’s specific situation. Any individual or group should take action only after consulting with professionals. Due to the timeliness of tax laws, we have endeavoured to provide timely and accurate information at the time of publication, but cannot guarantee that the content stated will remain applicable in the future. Please indicate the source when forwarding this content.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

澳大利亚税务局（ATO）提醒非营利组织(NFPs)，提交非营利组织自我审查申报表的截止日期即将到来。在 2023-24 收入年度自我评估为免征所得税的非慈善性非营利组织必须在 2025 年 3 月 31 日之前完成并提交报税表。

所得税豁免资格

如果非慈善性非营利组织的核心活动符合《1997 年所得税评估法》（ITAA 1997）第 50 分部规定的八个类别之一，则有资格获得所得税豁免。虽然该免税资格标准保持不变，但提交非营利组织自我审查申报表的要求是一项新的合规义务。这代表着非营利组织必须首次正式向澳大利亚税务局通报其资格。

维护管理文件

为了维持所得税豁免资格，非营利组织必须确保其管理文件（例如章程、规则手册、信托契约或协会章程）明确体现其非营利组织的地位。这些文件必须清楚表明该组织不得将利润或资产分配给会员或私人，除非是出于对提供服务或代表组织支付费用的合法补偿。

如果非营利组织的现行管理文件不包含这些规定，该组织可在 2025 年 6 月 30 日之前更新这些文件。尽管有这一宽限期，但只要非营利组织未向成员分配任何收入或资产，仍可在 2024 收入年度自行评估为免征所得税。

常见误区澄清

澳大利亚税务局已更新其网站，以澄清有关非营利组织免税的常见误解。以下是关键要点：

1. 并非所有NFP都享有所得税豁免 – 只有获得ATO认可的注册慈善机构以及符合自行评估标准的非慈善类NFP才可享受税收豁免。
2. NFP自行审核申报表有多种提交方式 – NFP可通过三种方式提交申报表：通过ATO在线门户、ATO电话服务，或由注册税务代理代为提交。
3. 只有授权人员可以在线提交申报表 – 只有在ATO“在线服务”系统中获得授权访问的个人才能提交NFP自行审核申报表。
4. 不确定NFP是否具有慈善性质仍需提交申报 – 如果NFP不确定其是否属于慈善机构，仍需完成自行审核申报，并在回答“慈善目的”问题时选择“是”或“不确定”。

关于税务豁免类别的更多信息

ATO还提供了针对特定类别的免税非营利组织类别的最新信息，包括那些涉及教育、就业和资源开发的非营利组织。在这些领域运营的非营利组织应查看澳大利亚税务局的最新指南，以确保符合相关的豁免要求。

如需了解更多详情，请同专业人士联系，以寻求有关免税标准和合规义务的最新更新。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计的贷款等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 info@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖， 2020年澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2021年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师事务所冠军入围奖，2022年最佳会计师事务所新人入围奖和2023香港澳大利亚商业协会最佳积极生意入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州、维州和西澳律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚金融贷款经纪人协会（FBAA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) is reminding not-for-profit (NFP) organisations of the approaching deadline for lodging their NFP self-review return. Non-charitable NFPs that self-assess as income tax exempt for the 2023-24 income year must complete and submit their return by 31 March 2025.

Eligibility for Income Tax Exemption

Non-charitable NFPs may qualify for an income tax exemption if their core activities align with one of the eight categories specified in Division 50 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997). Although the eligibility criteria for this exemption remain unchanged, the requirement to submit the NFP self-review return is a new compliance obligation. This marks the first instance in which NFPs must formally notify the ATO of their eligibility.

Maintaining Governing Documents

To maintain eligibility for income tax exemption, NFPs must ensure that their governing documents (such as constitutions, rule books, deeds of trust, or articles of association) clearly reflect their NFP status. These documents must explicitly state that the organisation cannot distribute profits or assets to members or private individuals, except in cases of legitimate reimbursements for services rendered or expenses incurred on behalf of the organisation.

If an NFP’s current governing documents do not contain these provisions, the organisation has until 30 June 2025 to update them accordingly. Despite this grace period, NFPs may still self-assess as income tax exempt for the 2024 income year, provided they have not distributed any income or assets to members.

Addressing Common Myths and Misconceptions

The ATO has updated its website to clarify common misunderstandings regarding NFP tax exemption. Here are some key points:

1. Not all NFPs are income tax exempt – Only registered charities endorsed by the ATO and non-charitable NFPs that meet the self-assessment criteria qualify for an exemption.
2. Multiple ways to lodge the self-review return – NFPs have three options for submission: via the ATO online portal, the ATO phone service, or through a registered tax agent who can lodge on their behalf.
3. Only authorised individuals can lodge the return online – The NFP self-review return can only be lodged by individuals who have been granted authorised access in the ATO’s Online Services system.
4. Uncertainty about charitable status still requires lodgement – If an NFP is unsure whether it qualifies as a charity, it must still complete the self-review return and select either ‘Yes’ or ‘Unsure’ when responding to the charitable purposes question.

Further Guidance on Exempt Categories

The ATO has also provided updated information on specific categories of tax-exempt NFPs, including those involved in education, employment, and resource development. NFPs operating in these sectors should review the ATO’s latest guidance to ensure compliance with the relevant exemption requirements.

For more details, NFPs are encouraged to seek advice from tax practitioners for the latest updates regarding tax exemption criteria and compliance obligations.

Pitt Martin Group is a CPA accounting firm, providing services including taxation, accounting, business consulting, self-managed superannuation funds, auditing and mortgage & finance. We spend hundreds of hours each year on training and researching new tax laws to ensure our clients can maximize legitimate tax benefit. Our contact information are phone +61292213345 or email info@pittmartingroup.com.au. Pitt Martin Group is located in the convenient transportation hub of Sydney’s central business district. Our honours include the 2018 CPA NSW President’s Award for Excellence, the 2020 Australian Small Business Champion Award Finalist, the 2021 Australia’s well-known media ‘Accountants Daily’ the Accounting Firm of the Year Award Finalist and the 2022 Start-up Firm of the Year Award Finalist, and the 2023 Hong Kong-Australia Business Association Business Award Finalist.

Pitt Martin Group qualifications include over fifteen years of professional experience in accounting industry, membership certification of the Australian Society of Certified Practising Accountants (CPA), Australian Taxation Registered Agents, certified External Examiner of the Law Societies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia Law Trust Accounts, membership certification of the Finance Brokers Association of Australia Limited (FBAA), Registered Agents of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), certified Advisor of accounting software such as XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB, etc.

This content is for reference only and does not constitute advice on any individual or group’s specific situation. Any individual or group should take action only after consulting with professionals. Due to the timeliness of tax laws, we have endeavoured to provide timely and accurate information at the time of publication, but cannot guarantee that the content stated will remain applicable in the future. Please indicate the source when forwarding this content.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

澳大利亚政府已宣布计划为大型养老金基金引入强制性标准，旨在提高死亡抚恤金发放的效率并且更加人性化。这引发了一个思考：去世后发放养老金是否存在难题？

死亡时养老金分配面临的挑战

澳大利亚的养老金行业已发展成为规模达 4.1 万亿澳元的巨大产业。然而，当个人去世时，其养老金并不会自动成为其遗产的一部分。相反，养老金基金受托人会根据基金规则、养老金法以及死者所作的有效死亡抚恤金提名来决定如何分配死亡抚恤金。

社会广泛对获取这些资金的延迟问题的担忧日益增加。在 2021 年至 2023 年期间，澳大利亚金融投诉管理局（AFCA）记录的有关养老金死亡抚恤金的投诉增加了七倍，其中延迟是主要问题。虽然许多养老金基金会在三个月内发放抚恤金，但在某些情况下，受益人要等上一年多才能收到款项。现行的养老金法仅要求在“切实可行的情况下尽快”支付抚恤金，但并未明确具体的时间框架。

确保您的养老金支付给正确的受益人

处理养老金死亡抚恤金可能很复杂。除非有有效的死亡抚恤金指定，否则养老金基金受托人有权决定谁来领取这笔钱。如果成员未作出有效的指定或现有的指定失效，受托人可以将养老金支付给任何符合条件的依赖人或死者的遗产。

为了确保您的养老金按照您的意愿分配，了解四种主要的死亡抚恤金指定类型至关重要：

1. 具有约束力的死亡抚恤金指定: 这在法律上要求受托人将养老金直接支付给指定的受益人。大多数具有约束力的指定在三年后失效，除非明确指定为不会失效。
2. 不失效的具有约束力的死亡抚恤金指定: 如果基金的信托契约允许，这种指定将无限期有效，除非被撤销。它确保指定的受益人将获得养老金，而无需受托人行使自由裁量权。
3. 非约束力死亡抚恤金指定: 这可作为受托人的指导方针，但不能保证被提名的个人一定能获得养老金。受托人仍可行使酌情权，将抚恤金分配给其他符合条件的受益人或遗产。
4. 继受受益人: 如果您正在领取养老金，您可以指定一名继受受益人。在您去世后，养老金支付将自动转给被指定的个人，通常是配偶或未满 18 岁的受抚养子女。

谁可以领取您的养老金？

养老金可以分配给受抚养人、法定代表（如遗产执行人）或与死者存在相互依赖关系的人。根据养老金法，“受抚养人”包括：

• 配偶
• 子女（不论年龄）
• 与死者存在相互依赖关系的个人，即他们相互提供经济支持或照顾。

死亡抚恤金未指定的后果

如果在去世时没有有效的死亡抚恤金指定，养老金基金受托人将根据相关州或地区的法律确定受益人。在大多数情况下，抚恤金将分配给养老金受抚养人或遗产的合法代表，按照遗嘱进行分配。

常见问题和延误

许多法庭案件对死亡抚恤金提名的有效性提出了质疑，这往往导致代价高昂且旷日持久的纠纷。为确保提名有效，需注意以下几点：

• 必须以书面形式作出，签名并注明日期。
• 必须有有效的见证人。
• 应使用被提名人的法定全名。
• 如果将抚恤金指定给遗产，措辞必须符合法律规定。

当提名缺失、过期或无效时，往往会引发延误。此外，当有多名索取人时，可能会出现纠纷，这要求受托人在做出决定前处理复杂的家庭关系。

关键要点：立即行动保护您的受益人

无论年龄大小，定期审查您的养老金死亡抚恤金的提名以确保其符合您当前的意愿至关重要。谨慎确认您的提名类型是否恰当、是否有效的且是最新的。虽然处理死亡抚恤金时仍可能出现延误，但提前做好清晰且合法有效的指定安排，能够大大加快处理速度，并为本已处于艰难时刻的亲人们减轻压力。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计的贷款等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 info@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖， 2020年澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2021年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师事务所冠军入围奖，2022年最佳会计师事务所新人入围奖和2023香港澳大利亚商业协会最佳积极生意入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州、维州和西澳律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚金融贷款经纪人协会（FBAA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

The Australian Government has announced plans to introduce mandatory standards for large superannuation funds aimed at improving the efficiency and compassion of death benefit payouts. This raises the question: Is there a problem with paying out superannuation when a member passes away?

The Challenge of Distributing Superannuation Upon Death

Superannuation in Australia has grown to an enormous $4.1 trillion industry. However, when an individual passes away, their super does not automatically become part of their estate. Instead, the super fund trustee determines how the death benefit is distributed based on the fund’s rules, superannuation laws, and any valid death benefit nominations made by the deceased.

Concerns about delays in accessing these funds have been increasing. Between 2021 and 2023, the Australian Financial Complaints Authority (AFCA) recorded a sevenfold rise in complaints regarding superannuation death benefits, with delays being the primary issue. While many superannuation funds distribute benefits within three months, in some cases, beneficiaries have waited over a year to receive payments. Current superannuation laws only require that benefits be paid “as soon as practicable,” without specifying a clear timeframe.

Ensuring Your Superannuation Goes to the Right Beneficiary

Handling superannuation death benefits can be complex. Unless a valid death benefit nomination is in place, the super fund trustee retains discretion over who receives the funds. If a member has not made a valid nomination or let an existing nomination lapse, the trustee may distribute the superannuation to any eligible dependents or to the deceased’s estate.

To ensure your superannuation is distributed according to your wishes, it is crucial to understand the four main types of death benefit nominations:

1. Binding Death Benefit Nomination
   • This legally requires the trustee to pay the superannuation directly to the nominated beneficiary.
   • Most binding nominations expire after three years unless it is specified as non-lapsing.
2. Non-Lapsing Binding Death Benefit Nomination
   • If permitted by the fund’s trust deed, this nomination remains in place indefinitely unless revoked.
   • It ensures that the nominated beneficiary will receive the super without trustee discretion.
3. Non-Binding Death Benefit Nomination
   • This serves as a guideline for the trustee but does not guarantee the nominated individual will receive the super.
   • The trustee can still exercise discretion and allocate the benefit to another eligible dependant or the estate.
4. Reversionary Beneficiary
   • If you are receiving a superannuation pension, you can nominate a reversionary beneficiary.
   • Upon your passing, pension payments will automatically transfer to the nominated individual, usually a spouse or dependent child under 18.

Who Can Receive Your Superannuation?

Superannuation can be distributed to a dependant, a legal representative (such as the executor of the estate), or someone in an interdependency relationship with the deceased. A “dependant” under superannuation law includes:

• A spouse
• A child (regardless of age)
• An individual with whom the deceased had an interdependency relationship, meaning they provided financial support or care to each other.

The Consequences of Not Making a Nomination

If no valid nomination is in place at the time of death, the super fund trustee will determine the recipient based on relevant state or territory laws. In most cases, the benefit will be distributed to a superannuation dependant or the estate’s legal representative for allocation according to the Will.

Common Issues and Delays

Numerous court cases have challenged the validity of death benefit nominations, often resulting in costly and prolonged disputes. To ensure a valid nomination:

• It must be in writing, signed, and dated.
• It must be correctly witnessed.
• The nominee’s full legal name should be used.
• If directing the benefit to the estate, the wording must be legally precise.

Delays often arise when nominations are missing, expired, or invalid. Additionally, disputes can occur when multiple claimants are involved, requiring trustees to navigate complex family relationships before making a decision.

Key Takeaway: Act Now to Protect Your Beneficiaries

Regardless of age, it is essential to review your superannuation nominations regularly to ensure they align with your current wishes. Confirm that your nomination type is appropriate, valid, and up-to-date. While delays in processing death benefits may still occur, having a clear and legally sound nomination in place can significantly expedite the process and alleviate stress for your loved ones during an already difficult time.

Pitt Martin Group is a CPA accounting firm, providing services including taxation, accounting, business consulting, self-managed superannuation funds, auditing and mortgage & finance. We spend hundreds of hours each year on training and researching new tax laws to ensure our clients can maximize legitimate tax benefit. Our contact information are phone +61292213345 or email info@pittmartingroup.com.au. Pitt Martin Group is located in the convenient transportation hub of Sydney’s central business district. Our honours include the 2018 CPA NSW President’s Award for Excellence, the 2020 Australian Small Business Champion Award Finalist, the 2021 Australia’s well-known media ‘Accountants Daily’ the Accounting Firm of the Year Award Finalist and the 2022 Start-up Firm of the Year Award Finalist, and the 2023 Hong Kong-Australia Business Association Business Award Finalist.

Pitt Martin Group qualifications include over fifteen years of professional experience in accounting industry, membership certification of the Australian Society of Certified Practising Accountants (CPA), Australian Taxation Registered Agents, certified External Examiner of the Law Societies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia Law Trust Accounts, membership certification of the Finance Brokers Association of Australia Limited (FBAA), Registered Agents of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), certified Advisor of accounting software such as XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB, etc.

This content is for reference only and does not constitute advice on any individual or group’s specific situation. Any individual or group should take action only after consulting with professionals. Due to the timeliness of tax laws, we have endeavoured to provide timely and accurate information at the time of publication, but cannot guarantee that the content stated will remain applicable in the future. Please indicate the source when forwarding this content.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

过去几年充满了经济和政治的不确定性。随着我们迈进2025年，虽然无法保证，但人们对稳定性持谨慎乐观态度。本篇文章列举了2025年企业和个人可能面临的关键变革和挑战。

澳洲联邦大选

随着联邦大选临近，社交媒体、语音信箱和电视中将充斥大量政治信息。反对党将质疑澳大利亚人的生活是否有所改善，而执政党将强调其成就。

2025-26财年的联邦预算将于2025年3月25日公布，这表明选举将于2025年3月或5月举行，最迟不会晚于2025年5月17日。

关键法案立法不确定性

2024年最后一个议会会议日通过了32项法案，包括一些对企业和个人有影响的法案。然而，两项重要提案仍未解决：

1. 第296条税法：针对超过300万澳元余额的养老金收入征收30%的税
   提议的第296条税法将对超过300万澳元余额的养老金收入征收30%的税，从2025年7月1日开始生效。目前，该法案在参议院停滞不前，且在选举前通过的可能性较小。如果该法案失效，下一届政府将决定是否重新审议或放弃该措施。
2. 小型企业2万澳元即时资产抵扣
   政府提议将符合条件的小型企业的即时资产抵扣额度2万澳元延长至2024-25财年。然而，这一措施意外地被排除在最终立法之外。如果未能延续，抵扣额度将回归1,000澳元，给计划进行资产投资的小型企业带来不确定性。

税务与养老金变动

1. 外国居民资本利得预扣税
   从2025年1月1日起，针对出售澳大利亚房产的外国居民，资本利得预扣税将发生变化：
   • 预扣税率将从12.5%提高至15%。
   • 目前的75万澳元价值门槛将被取消，所有外国居民出售的房产均适用预扣税。
   • 此改革适用于2025年1月1日或之后进行的房产交易。

2. 养老金保证金增长
   养老金保证金（SG）税率将于2025年7月1日从11.5%提高至12%，这是立法中最后一步的增长。
3. 带薪育儿假纳入养老金
   从2025年7月1日起，符合条件的父母将收到12%带薪薪育儿假补贴的养老金供款。

经济展望：利率与生活成本

利率

虽然截至2024年9月，通胀率从5.4%降至2.8%，但澳大利亚储备银行（RBA）仍保持谨慎态度。行长Michele Bullock强调，通胀水平必须稳定在2-3%的目标范围内，才会考虑降息。利率下调时间的预测各异：

• 联邦银行（CBA）：2025年2月
• 澳新银行（ANZ）和西太平洋银行（Westpac）：2025年5月
• 国民银行（NAB）：2025年6月

生活成本压力

澳大利亚经济增长仍然缓慢，2024年全年仅增长0.8%，是自2020年12月季度以来的最低水平。尽管个人所得税减免和能源补贴提供了一定缓解，但不断上升的抵押贷款成本仍然对家庭造成压力。政府支出仍是经济活动的主要驱动力。

国际动态：特朗普效应

唐纳德·特朗普已于2025年1月20日就任美国总统，共和党将同时控制参议院和众议院。特朗普的政策提议，包括对中国、加拿大和墨西哥进口商品征收关税，引发了贸易战的担忧。主要政策包括：

• 对加拿大和墨西哥进口商品征收25%关税。
• 对中国进口商品加征10%额外关税。

对于澳大利亚来说，由于中国是我们最大的贸易伙伴（2023年双边贸易占26%），这些政策可能产生间接影响。中国经济放缓可能会对澳大利亚经济增长产生负面影响。目前，1澳元兑美元汇率已下跌至约0.63美元。

环境政策：新车排放标准

从2025年1月1日起，汽车制造商将面临强制性二氧化碳排放目标。这些目标将逐步收紧，要求制造商生产更节能或零排放车辆。

虽然制造商仍可销售任何类型的车辆，但他们必须通过生产更多节能型的车型来抵消不太节能的车型。如果制造商达标或超标，他们将获得积分；如果未能达标，则有两年时间可以通过与其他供应商交易积分或自行获得积分，否则将面临处罚。

职场变革：工资盗窃定为刑事犯罪

从2025年1月1日起，故意少支付工资或养老金将被视为刑事犯罪。如果雇主故意违反《公平工作法》或相关协议，他们将面临处罚。

• 罚款：最高为欠薪金额的三倍，或最高782.5万澳元。

逐步淘汰支票

政府已制定逐步淘汰支票的计划：

• 2028年6月30日后，将不再签发支票。
• 2029年9月30日后，将不再接受支票支付。

过去十年，支票使用量已减少90%，银行已开始停止为新客户提供支票簿。尽管如此，现金仍然是重要的支付方式之一。

现金依然重要

虽然澳大利亚人越来越多地使用电子支付，但政府强调现金的重要性：

• 150万澳大利亚人在超过80%的面对面支付中依赖现金。
• 当电子数据系统中断或发生自然灾害时，现金提供了后备支付方式。

政府计划要求企业接受现金支付普通商品，但小型企业将获得一定的豁免。

结语：缓慢而稳健的进展

2025年在税收、养老金和经济政策方面将迎来适度变革，同时政治和国际挑战仍在继续。虽然通往稳定的道路充满不确定性，但企业和个人应为立法、职场监管和全球贸易条件的关键过渡做好准备。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group 是一家提供税务，会计，生意咨询, 自管养老金及审计的贷款等综合性服务的经澳洲会计师公会认证的注册会计师事务所。我们每年会花上几百个小时去研究新的税法，以保证我们的客户可以最大化合理避税。我们的中文联系方式是 Robert Liu +61292213345 或邮件 info@pittmartingroup.com.au。皮特马丁会计师事务所Pitt Martin Group坐落在交通便利的悉尼市市中心，是一家拥有可以说中文合伙人的会计师事务所。我们的荣誉包括2018年CPA新州首席优秀奖， 2020年澳大利亚小生意年度冠军入围奖, 2021年澳洲知名媒体《每日会计师》年度最佳会计师事务所冠军入围奖，2022年最佳会计师事务所新人入围奖和2023香港澳大利亚商业协会最佳积极生意入围奖。

皮特马丁会计师事务所 Pitt Martin Group资质包括超过十五年的从业经验，澳大利亚注册会计师协会（CPA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚税务注册代理，新州、维州和西澳律师协会信托账户 (Trust Account) 认证审计师，澳大利亚金融贷款经纪人协会（FBAA）执业认证会员，澳大利亚证券及投资委员会注册代理，XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB等会计软件授权单位及认证顾问。

本文内容仅供参考，不构成对任何个人或团体的具体情况而形成建议。任何个人或团体应该在征求专业人士的意见后方可采取行动。由于税法的时效性，我们在发布时已致力于提供及时、准确的信息，但不能保证所称述的内容在今后任然可以适用。转发该文内容请注明出处。

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

The last few years have been marked by economic and political uncertainty. As we just entered into 2025, there is cautious optimism for increased stability—though no guarantees. Below, we explore the key developments and challenges businesses and individuals can anticipate.

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Federal Election: Political Advertising Resumes

With a federal election on the horizon, prepare for an influx of political messages across social media, voicemail, and TV. Opposition parties will question if Australians are better off, while incumbents will emphasize their achievements.

The 2025-26 Federal Budget is set to be delivered on 25 March 2025, suggesting the election will occur in either March or May 2025, but no later than 17 May 2025.

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Legislative Uncertainty: Key Bills in Limbo

The final parliamentary sitting day of 2024 saw 32 bills passed, including several with implications for businesses and individuals. However, two significant proposals remain unresolved:

1. Division 296 Tax: 30% on Super Earnings Over $3 Million

The proposed Division 296 tax would impose a 30% tax rate on earnings from superannuation balances exceeding $3 million, starting 1 July 2025. Currently, the enabling legislation is stalled in the Senate and unlikely to pass before the election. If the bill lapses, the next government will determine whether to revisit or abandon the measure.

2. $20,000 Instant Asset Write-Off for Small Businesses

The government proposed extending the $20,000 instant asset write-off for eligible small businesses for the 2024-25 financial year. However, this measure was unexpectedly removed from the final enabling legislation. Without this extension, the write-off threshold will revert to $1,000, creating uncertainty for small businesses planning asset investments.

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Tax and Superannuation Changes

1. Foreign Resident Capital Gains Withholding (FRCGW)

From 1 January 2025, changes to capital gains withholding will apply to foreign residents selling Australian property:

• The withholding rate will increase from 12.5% to 15%.
• The value threshold (currently $750,000) will be removed, applying the withholding to all property sales by foreign residents.

The reforms will affect property acquisitions made on or after 1 January 2025.

2. Superannuation Guarantee Increase

The Superannuation Guarantee (SG) rate will rise from 11.5% to 12% on 1 July 2025, marking the final step in the legislated increase.

3. Superannuation on Paid Parental Leave

From 1 July 2025, superannuation contributions (12% of Paid Parental Leave payments) will be paid to eligible parents’ super funds.

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Economic Outlook: Interest Rates and Cost of Living

Interest Rates

While inflation eased from 5.4% to 2.8% over the year to September 2024, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) remains cautious. Governor Michele Bullock emphasized the need for sustainable inflation levels within the 2-3% target range before rate cuts occur. Forecasts for interest rate reductions vary:

• CBA: February 2025
• ANZ and Westpac: May 2025
• NAB: June 2025

Cost of Living Pressures

Australia’s economic growth remains sluggish, with just 0.8% growth through 2024—the lowest since the December 2020 quarter. Personal income tax cuts and energy subsidies have provided some relief, but rising mortgage costs continue to strain households. Government spending remains a key driver of economic activity.

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International Developments: The Trump Effect

Donald Trump has been inaugurated as U.S. President on 20 January 2025, with the Republican Party controlling both the Senate and the House. Trump’s proposed policies, including tariffs on imports from China, Canada, and Mexico, raise concerns of a trade war. Key statements include:

• A 25% tariff on goods from Canada and Mexico.
• An additional 10% tariff on Chinese imports.

For Australia, these policies could have a secondary impact, given China’s significance as Australia’s largest trading partner, accounting for 26% of two-way trade in 2023. A slowdown in China’s economy may negatively affect Australia’s economic growth. The immediate result has been a decline in the AUD/USD, currently hovering around 63c.

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Environmental Policy: New Car Emissions Standards

From 1 January 2025, vehicle manufacturers will face mandatory CO2 emissions targets for new cars. These targets will gradually tighten over time, requiring manufacturers to produce more fuel-efficient or zero-emission vehicles.

While manufacturers can still sell any type of vehicle, they must balance less efficient models with more fuel-efficient ones. Suppliers who meet or exceed their targets will earn credits, while those who fall short will have two years to either trade credits or generate them before facing penalties.

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Workplace Changes: Wage Theft Criminalised

Effective 1 January 2025, intentional underpayment of wages or superannuation will become a criminal offence. Employers face penalties if they intentionally fail to pay required amounts under the Fair Work Act or relevant agreements.

• Penalties: Fines up to three times the underpayment amount or a maximum of $7.825 million.

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Transitioning Away from Cheques

The government has outlined a plan to phase out cheques:

• Cheques will no longer be issued after 30 June 2028.
• Cheques will no longer be accepted after 30 September 2029.

Usage of cheques has declined by 90% in the last decade, and banks have already begun discontinuing chequebooks for new customers. Despite this transition, cash remains an essential payment method.

Cash Remains Essential

While Australians increasingly use digital payments, the government has emphasized the importance of cash:

• 1.5 million Australians rely on cash for over 80% of in-person payments.
• Cash provides a backup during digital outages or natural disasters.

The government intends to mandate that businesses accept cash for essential items, with certain exemptions for small businesses.

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Final Thoughts: Slow and Steady Progress

2025 promises measured changes in tax, superannuation, and economic policy, along with ongoing political and international challenges. While the path toward stability remains uncertain, businesses and individuals should prepare for key transitions in legislation, workplace regulation, and global trade conditions.

Pitt Martin Group is a CPA accounting firm, providing services including taxation, accounting, business consulting, self-managed superannuation funds, auditing and mortgage & finance. We spend hundreds of hours each year on training and researching new tax laws to ensure our clients can maximize legitimate tax benefit. Our contact information are phone +61292213345 or email info@pittmartingroup.com.au. Pitt Martin Group is located in the convenient transportation hub of Sydney’s central business district. Our honours include the 2018 CPA NSW President’s Award for Excellence, the 2020 Australian Small Business Champion Award Finalist, the 2021 Australia’s well-known media ‘Accountants Daily’ the Accounting Firm of the Year Award Finalist and the 2022 Start-up Firm of the Year Award Finalist, and the 2023 Hong Kong-Australia Business Association Business Award Finalist.

Pitt Martin Group qualifications include over fifteen years of professional experience in accounting industry, membership certification of the Australian Society of Certified Practising Accountants (CPA), Australian Taxation Registered Agents, certified External Examiner of the Law Societies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia Law Trust Accounts, membership certification of the Finance Brokers Association of Australia Limited (FBAA), Registered Agents of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), certified Advisor of accounting software such as XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB, etc.

This content is for reference only and does not constitute advice on any individual or group’s specific situation. Any individual or group should take action only after consulting with professionals. Due to the timeliness of tax laws, we have endeavoured to provide timely and accurate information at the time of publication, but cannot guarantee that the content stated will remain applicable in the future. Please indicate the source when forwarding this content.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

与美国相比，澳大利亚以保持更公平的教育方式而自豪，因为美国接受高等教育的机会往往取决于经济状况。平均学生债务数字反映了这一明显差异。在美国，学生债务平均每人 37,693 美元，需要长达 20 年的时间才能偿还。尽管如此，许多美国学生仍面临着贷款无法完全解决的资金缺口。

相比之下，澳大利亚国内学生则受益于结构更合理、更方便的贷款制度，主要是通过 HECS-HELP。在澳大利亚，获得学士学位的费用通常在 20,000 澳元至 45,000 澳元之间，但某些高价值课程（如医学）的费用可能会超过这一范围。符合条件的学生可获得 HECS-HELP 贷款，大多数学位的学费最高可达 121,844 澳元，医学和牙医等课程的学费最高可达 174,998 澳元。

目前，约有 300 万澳大利亚人背负着高等教育学生债务，总额超过 810 亿澳元。每个学生的平均债务约为 27,000 澳元，还款期一般为八年多一点。超过 7,000 名澳大利亚人的贷款超过了 100,000 澳元。

当前HECS-HELP 的还款条款

当个人收入达到 54,435 澳元时，开始偿还HECS-HELP 贷款。还款率随着收入的增加而逐渐增加，从1%开始，对于年收入在159,664澳元或以上的人，还款率最高可达10%。

对 HECS-HELP的修改计划

澳大利亚政府对高等教育援助项目贷款进行了一系列改革，旨在解决对不断增加的债务和偿还负担的关切。虽然这些变化尚未成为法律，但它们提出了重大改进：

• 指数化调整：HECS-HELP贷款的指数化率将以消费者价格指数（CPI）或工资价格指数（WPI）中较低的一个来计算，而不是目前的基于CPI的计算。这一变化旨在追溯至2023年6月1日，将消除2023年7.1%的增幅。
• 提高还款门槛： 从 2025-26 年起，最低还款收入门槛将提高到 67,000 澳元。此外，还款将只适用于收入超过这一门槛的部分，而不是整个年收入。
• 贷款扣减： 在 2025 年 6 月 1 日之前，所有未偿还的学习和培训支持贷款都将减少 20%。这项措施将减轻约 160 亿澳元的债务。

HECS-HELP的贷款还款可否抵税

虽然拟议的修改计划旨在减轻借款人的负担，但关于HECS-HELP的贷款还款是否应抵税的争论仍在继续。与其他形式的债务（如商业或投资贷款）不同，尽管教育通常是对个人收入潜力的一种投资，但HECS-HELP所贷款的还款不符合减税条件。

允许HECS-HELP还款的税收减免可以为借款人、特别是中等收入阶层的借款人提供即时的经济救济。这将激励个人更快偿还贷款，从而有可能降低整体债务水平。此外，减税将符合鼓励技能获取和劳动力发展的原则，这将有利于更广泛的经济。

平衡制度

在澳大利亚，围绕学生贷款的讨论反映了人们对教育的可负担性、可获得性和公平性的广泛关注。虽然与其他国家的制度相比，澳大利亚高等教育分担费用计划–助学贷款提供了大量支持，但不断增长的债务总额和还款挑战表明仍有改进的余地。

通过实施指数化改革、提高门槛以及可能引入税收减免等改革措施，澳大利亚可以进一步加强其高等教育资助体系，为学生和毕业生提供更有效的支持。这些改革将确保教育继续成为通向机遇的途径，而不是终身的经济负担。

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By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax

Australia prides itself on maintaining a more equitable approach to education compared to the United States, where access to higher education often depends on financial circumstances. The stark difference is reflected in the average student debt figures. In the US, student debt averages USD $37,693 per person and can take up to 20 years to repay. Despite this, many US students face gaps in funding that loans cannot fully address.

In contrast, Australian domestic students benefit from a more structured and accessible loan system, primarily through HECS-HELP. The cost of obtaining a bachelor’s degree in Australia typically ranges from $20,000 to $45,000, though certain high-value courses like medicine can exceed this range. HECS-HELP loans are available for eligible students, covering tuition fees up to $121,844 for most degrees and $174,998 for courses like medicine and dentistry.

Currently, around 3 million Australians carry higher education student debt, which collectively exceeds $81 billion. The average debt per student is approximately $27,000, and repayment typically spans a little over eight years. More than 7,000 Australians have loans surpassing $100,000.

Current HECS-HELP Repayment Terms

Repayment for HECS-HELP loans starts when an individual’s income reaches $54,435. The repayment rate scales progressively with income, beginning at 1% and peaking at 10% for those earning $159,664 or more.

Proposed Changes to HECS-HELP

The Australian Government has introduced a series of reforms to HECS-HELP loans aimed at addressing concerns over rising debt and repayment burdens. While these changes are not yet law, they propose significant improvements:

1. Indexation Adjustments: The indexation rate for HECS-HELP loans will be the lower of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Wage Price Index (WPI), instead of the current CPI-based calculation. This change, intended to be backdated to 1 June 2023, would eliminate the 7.1% increase applied in 2023.
2. Higher Repayment Threshold: From 2025-26, the minimum income threshold for repayments will increase to $67,000. Additionally, repayments will only apply to the portion of income exceeding this threshold, not the entire annual income.
3. Loan Reductions: A 20% reduction will apply to all outstanding study and training support loans before 1 June 2025. This measure would alleviate around $16 billion in debt.

Deductibility of HECS-HELP Loan Repayments

While the proposed changes aim to reduce the burden on borrowers, there is ongoing debate about whether HECS-HELP repayments should be tax-deductible. Unlike other forms of debt, such as business or investment loans, HECS-HELP repayments do not qualify for tax deductions, even though education often serves as an investment in an individual’s earning potential.

Allowing tax deductibility for HECS-HELP repayments could provide immediate financial relief for borrowers, particularly those in middle-income brackets. It would incentivize individuals to repay loans sooner, potentially reducing overall debt levels. Moreover, tax-deductibility would align with the principle of encouraging skill acquisition and workforce development, which benefits the broader economy.

Balancing the System

The discussion around student loans in Australia reflects broader concerns about affordability, accessibility, and equity in education. While HECS-HELP provides substantial support compared to systems in other countries, the growing total debt and repayment challenges indicate room for improvement.

By implementing reforms such as indexation changes, higher thresholds, and potentially introducing tax deductibility, Australia could further enhance its higher education funding system to support students and graduates more effectively. These changes would ensure that education remains a pathway to opportunity rather than a lifelong financial burden.

Pitt Martin Group is a CPA accounting firm, providing services including taxation, accounting, business consulting, self-managed superannuation funds, auditing and mortgage & finance. We spend hundreds of hours each year on training and researching new tax laws to ensure our clients can maximize legitimate tax benefit. Our contact information are phone +61292213345 or email info@pittmartingroup.com.au. Pitt Martin Group is located in the convenient transportation hub of Sydney’s central business district. Our honours include the 2018 CPA NSW President’s Award for Excellence, the 2020 Australian Small Business Champion Award Finalist, the 2021 Australia’s well-known media ‘Accountants Daily’ the Accounting Firm of the Year Award Finalist and the 2022 Start-up Firm of the Year Award Finalist, and the 2023 Hong Kong-Australia Business Association Business Award Finalist.

Pitt Martin Group qualifications include over fifteen years of professional experience in accounting industry, membership certification of the Australian Society of Certified Practising Accountants (CPA), Australian Taxation Registered Agents, certified External Examiner of the Law Societies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia Law Trust Accounts, membership certification of the Finance Brokers Association of Australia Limited (FBAA), Registered Agents of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), certified Advisor of accounting software such as XERO, QUICKBOOKS, MYOB, etc.

This content is for reference only and does not constitute advice on any individual or group’s specific situation. Any individual or group should take action only after consulting with professionals. Due to the timeliness of tax laws, we have endeavoured to provide timely and accurate information at the time of publication, but cannot guarantee that the content stated will remain applicable in the future. Please indicate the source when forwarding this content.

By Zoe Ma @ Pitt Martin Tax